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Content:
Editorial Bernd Frick, Thomas Peeters, Rob Simmons
: Guest Editorial JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 447-451.
Special Issue Articles Felix Sage, Joachim Prinz: Is Blood Thicker than Water? The Impact of Player Agencies on Player Salaries: Empirical Evidence from Five European Football Leagues
JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 453-473.
+ show abstract- hide abstractIn this article, we analyze how different representation models of professional football players affect their salaries in salary negotiations. We distinguish between self-representation, representation by relatives and representation by player agencies. Based on the principal agent theory and against the background of asymmetric information, we hypothesize that the self-representation model has the most lucrative effect on salaries. Furthermore, we argue that the number of players represented by an agency has a negative effect on salaries. To test our hypotheses, we use a unique panel dataset containing 3,775 players from the top five European leagues over five collection dates. In addition to market values and salaries, we also include individual and team performance. Furthermore, we use information on the different representation models and, in the case of player agencies, information on the particular agency. In our study, we found no significant effect of the representation model on the salary of professional football players, which challenges the justification of agencies in general.
Felia Braun, Hendrik Sonnabend: When Colleagues Come to See Each Other as Rivals: Does Internal Competition Affect Workplace Performance? JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 475-494.
+ show abstract- hide abstractWe study workplace performance effects triggered by team-internal rivalry. Specifically, we focus on duos of goalkeepers in professional soccer competing for in-season playing time. Using performance data from the most prestigious European soccer leagues and tournaments, we provide evidence for asymmetric discouragement: While the ex ante underdog feels demotivated by internal rivalry, we cannot observe a comparable effect for the ex ante favourite. Moreover, we find that workplace competition generally works explicitly rather than implicitly, meaning that demonstrated performance outweighs pure skills when it comes to the emergence of peer effects. To address a potential endogeneity problem caused by non-random selection, we show that our results are robust to quasi-random rotations caused by (minor to moderate) injuries and bans.
Jill S. Harris, David J. Berri: Pregnancy in the Paint and the Pitch: Does Giving Birth Impact Performance?
JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 495-512.
+ show abstract- hide abstractWe examine the impact of giving birth on athletic performance of players in the Women’s National Basketball Association. Using data from media reports and National Womens Basketball Players Association records we specify a productivity model and use a differences-in-means approach to investigate. We do not find any impact of giving birth on player performance in the sample. In the wake of the Gunnarsdottir maternity leave decision against Club Lyon, this research could help inform league policies concerning maternity leave and also contribute to the broader conversation about gender discrimination in the workplace based on perceptions of productivity before and after giving birth.
Stacey L. Brook: An Empirical Estimation of NCAA Head Football Coaches Contract Duration JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 513-531.
+ show abstract- hide abstractWhile previous research on head coach dismissals finds that team performance and managerial characteristics impact employment survival, these studies ignore the impact of contract modifications. Using an accelerated failure time survival model with hand-collected college head football coach contract data, I find that race/ethnicity affects the hazard rate of contract modifications but not the hazard rate of a head coach’s dismissal. Additionally, analysis of employment duration ignoring contract modifications may result in erroneous conclusions with respect to the effect that race/ethnicity has on a head coach’s dismissal. Jeremy J. Foreman, Robert M. Turick, Dylan P. Williams, Tyler L. Skinner: Race, Market Size, Segregation and Subsequent Opportunities for Former NFL Head Coaches JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 533-555.
+ show abstract- hide abstractThis study examines subsequent head coach opportunities for former National Football League (NFL) head coaches. Under a subsequent CEO career framework, survival analysis is used to examine the effects of race and market characteristics on subsequent NFL head coach opportunities for former head coaches. Observations of former head coaches who neither ended their coaching careers nor possess head coach positions in the observed seasons are used ( n = 1,132). Black former NFL head coaches are less likely to secure subsequent NFL head coaching opportunities if their most recent coaching position was in a large media market. However, both Black and non-Black former head coaches who most recently coached in highly segregated metropolitan areas experienced higher likelihoods of securing subsequent head coaching opportunities. This segregated market effect is even stronger for Black former head coaches. The NFL can utilize this information in policy formation decisions regarding hiring policies and practices. Teams and their lead executives can also use this information to identify any personal biases that may arise within the head coach labor market. Coaches may use the information to best position themselves for subsequent career opportunities. Katrin Scharfenkamp, Pamela Wicker: Football Fans’ Interest in and Willingness-To-Pay for Sustainable Merchandise Products JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 557-583.
+ show abstract- hide abstractAccording to the German Football League’s guidelines, football clubs are expected to contribute to sustainable development. This study analyzes football fans’ interest in and willingness-to-pay for socially and environmentally sustainable merchandise clothing. Data from fans of a German Football Bundesliga club were collected using an online survey in 2022 ( n = 1,019). A set of linear, logistic, log-linear, and zero-inflated Poisson regressions was estimated. The estimations reveal that environmental concerns, environmental knowledge, past purchase of merchandise products, and awareness of sustainable labels significantly positively affect fans’ interest in sustainable clothing. The probability of reporting a positive willingness-to-pay (>€0) is significantly positively affected by fans’ interest in sustainable clothes. Team identification has a significant negative effect on the amount of willingness-to-pay for a sustainable t-shirt in the subsample of respondents with a positive willingness-to-pay. Stephan Starke, Lars Vischer, Alexander Dilger: Change in Home Bias Due to Ghost Games in the NFL JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 585-604.
+ show abstract- hide abstractWe analyse changes in the National Football League (NFL) due to ghost games in 2020. The home bias disappears as expected. This also applies to semi-ghost games with significantly fewer spectators than regular games and to referee decisions regarding penalties. J. James Reade, Jan C. van Ours: Consumer Perceptions Matter: A Case Study of an Anomaly in English Football JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 605-629.
+ show abstract- hide abstractIn 1983 England’s fifth-tier football competition introduced a two-points-for-a-home-win and three-points-for-an-away-win reward system. This system was abolished after three seasons. The anomalous point system may have been introduced to reduce home advantage but the reasons are not fully clear and neither are the reasons for abolishing the system shortly after its introduction. We find that the new point system did not affect match outcomes but it did influence match attendance negatively. We speculate that the alternative point system was perceived as unfair to potential buyers of seasonal tickets or individual match tickets some of whom as a response decided to avoid watching the game in person. Consumer perceptions seem to matter. Pedro Garcia-del-Barrio, J. James Reade: Talent Allocation in European Football Leagues: Why Competitive Imbalance May be optimal? JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 631-670.
+ show abstract- hide abstractProfessional sports are part of the entertainment industry; as such, its business is developed based on the perceived interest in sporting events, which in turn depends on features like: the (i) degree of competitive balance that determines the uncertainty of the outcome; the (ii) concentration of gifted players in a team, whose interaction of talents on the field enhances the quality of the ‘product joint’ that is a sporting event; the (iii) joint aggregate quality of rival teams; the (iv) appeal of rivalries associated with fans’ feelings of empathy and loyalty; etc. This paper focusses on the first three points by modelling the success of team-sport competitions as the result of the overall quality, which encompasses more than the mere sum of individual talents. Sport economists and practitioners generally acknowledge that competitive balance must be fostered to protect uncertainty about the outcome and thus achieve greater interest in sport competitions by fans and the media. In this paper, we argue that certain degree of imbalance in allocation of talent between teams may be preferable – rather than a perfect competitive balance – to broaden the interest of fans on the sport events and, thus, maximise economic outcomes. The paper also examines the discrepancies across the main European football leagues in this regard.
Data Observer Wenzel Matiaske, Torben Dall Schmidt, Christoph Halbmeier, Martina Maas, Doris Holtmann, Carsten Schröder, Tamara Böhm, Stefan Liebig, Alexander S. Kritikos: SOEP-LEE2: Linking Surveys on Employees to Employers in Germany JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 671-684.
+ show abstract- hide abstractThis article presents the new linked employee-employer study of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP-LEE2), which offers new research opportunities for various academic fields. In particular, the study contains two waves of an employer survey for persons in dependent work that is also linkable to the SOEP, a large representative German annual household panel (SOEP-LEE2-Core). Moreover, SOEP-LEE2 includes two waves of self-employed surveys based on self-employed in the SOEP-Core (SOEP-LEE2-Self-employed) and three additional representative employer surveys, independent of the SOEP in terms of sampling employers (SOEP-LEE2-Compare). Survey topics include digitalisation and cybersecurity, human capital formation, COVID-19, and human resource management. Here, we describe the content, survey design, and comparability of the different datasets in the SOEP-LEE2 to potential users in different disciplines of research. Florian Zimmermann, Andreas Filser, Georg-Christoph Haas, Sebastian Bähr: The IAB-SMART-Mobility Module: An Innovative Research Dataset with Mobility Indicators Based on Raw Geodata JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 685-698.
+ show abstract- hide abstractThe ubiquity of smartphones has enabled the collection of novel data through their built-in sensors, including geolocation data which can be used to understand mobility behavior. In this project, we leveraged longitudinal geolocation data collected from participants in the 2018 German app study IAB-SMART to develop a set of mobility indicators, such as visited unique locations and traveled distance. The indicators can be linked to the Panel Study Labour Market and Social Security (PASS) survey and administrative employment histories. The resulting novel dataset offers a unique opportunity to study the relationship between mobility and labor market outcomes. This article provides an overview of the study, outlines the data preparation process, and the socio-demographic characteristics of the 398 participants of the IAB-SMART-Mobility module. We present the mobility indicators generated from the geolocation data and provide guidance for accessing the Institute for Employment Research’s (IAB) data.
Miscellaneous Peter Winker: Annual Reviewer Acknowledgement JBNST - Vol. 244/5-6 - 2024, pp. 699-702.
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